Obesidad en la mortalidad de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca y fracción de eyección reducida / Obesity in the mortality of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction

Introducción: La asociación entre obesidad y menor mortalidad en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca y fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo es controversial. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre obesidad y mortalidad en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca y fracción de eyección reducida. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de cohorte prospectivo en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca y fracción de eyección reducida en el período comprendido entre enero del 2010 y diciembre de 2020. La muestra quedó conformada por 173 pacientes. Se evaluó la supervivencia mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier, para estimar el efecto del pronóstico de la variable obesidad sobre la mortalidad. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión de Cox. Resultados: Se observó que los pacientes obesos al año de seguimiento tuvieron mejor supervivencia que los que presentaron normopeso (0,6 versus 0,8) a los cinco años presentaron similar supervivencia los tres subgrupos de índice masa corporal (0,6), la mayor mortalidad la presentaron los pacientes bajo peso. La curva de éstos últimos, se distancia del resto de las categorías de IMC, Log Rank p= 0,001. En el modelo de regresión de Cox la obesidad presentó un odd ration OR=´1,159 p=0,648 (intervalo de confianza de 0,615-2,181). Conclusiones: En los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca con fracción de eyección reducida no se observó el fenómeno de obesidad paradójica en relación a la mortalidad(AU)

Introduction: The association between obesity and lower mortality in patients with heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction is controversial. Objective: To evaluate the association between obesity and mortality in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Methods: An observational prospective cohort study was carried out, from January 2010 to December 2020, in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. The sample was made up of 173 patients. Survival was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier method to estimate the prognostic effect of the obesity variable on mortality. Cox regression model was used. Results: It was observed that obese patients at one year of follow-up had better survival than those with normal weight (0.6 versus 0.8). At five years, the three subgroups of body mass index (0.6) showed similar survival and the highest mortality was observed by low weight patients. The curve of the latter differs from the rest of the BMI categories, Log Rank p=0.001. In the Cox regression model, obesity had an odds ratio OR=´1.159 p=0.648 (confidence interval 0.615-2.181). Conclusions: In patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, the phenomenon of paradoxical obesity was not observed in relation to mortality(AU)

Reference Equation for the Six-Minute Walk Test in Brazilian Patients with Obesity

Abstract Background: Obesity has repercussions on functional capacity (FC). The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is a useful tool for assessing submaximal FC, and the distance reached at 6 minutes of walking (D6MW) is a relevant prognostic marker. Objective: This paper aims to establish a reference equation for the distance predicted in 6MWT in obese Brazilian subjects. Methods: This study included 460 patients (306 women), with a body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2, 71% (328) of whom presented a grade III obesity (BMI ≥ 40 Kg/m²) and were evaluated with 6MWT. Heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation and Borg scale perception of effort were recorded before and after the 6MWT. For statistical analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, an unpaired T-Test, Pearson's correlation, and multiple linear regression were used, together with a significance level set at p<0.05. Results: Gender, age, and BMI were significantly correlated with D6MW and were identified by multiple linear regression as the best predictors of the D6MW. Together, they explain 48.7% of the D6MW variance for obese Brazilian subjects. Based on these findings, an equation was proposed - D6MW = 930.138 + (27.130 x Genderfemales = 0; males = 1) − (5.550 x BMI kg/m2) − (4.442 x Age years). When the average of the D6MW obtained with the above equation was compared to the average calculated with the equations described in medical literature for healthy and obese individuals, the latter tended to overestimate the D6MW. Conclusion: The proposed reference equation exhibited better assessment of FC in obese Brazilian patients, providing proper subsidies for the follow up ofinterventions in this population..

Lower long-term mortality in obese patients with community-acquired pneumonia: possible role of CRP

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between obesity and mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in China. METHODS: In total, 909 patients with CAP were recruited for this study from January 2010 to June 2015. All patients were selected and divided into 4 groups according to their body mass index (BMI) values. All patients' clinical information was recorded. The associations among mortality; BMI; the 30-day, 6-month and 1-year survival rates for different BMI classes; the etiology of pneumonia in each BMI group; and the risk factors for 1-year mortality in CAP patients were analyzed. RESULT: With the exception of the level of C-reactive protein (CRP), no other clinical indexes showed significant differences among the different BMI groups. No significant differences were observed among all groups in terms of the 30-d and 6-month mortality rates (p>0.05). There was a significantly lower risk of 1-year mortality in the obese group than in the nonobese group, (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that there were seven independent risk factors for 1-year mortality in CAP patients, namely, age, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, obesity, APACHE II score, level of CRP and CAP severity. CONCLUSION: Compared with nonobese patients with CAP, obese CAP patients may have a lower mortality rate, especially with regard to 1-year mortality, and CRP may be associated with the lower mortality rate in obese individuals than in nonobese individuals.

Associação entre excesso de peso e obesidade e mortalidade em capitais brasileiras e províncias argentinas / Association of excess weight and obesity and mortality in Brazilian state capitals and Argentine provinces / Asociación entre exceso de peso, obesidad y mortalidad en capitales brasileñas y provincias argentinas

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação da prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade com as taxas de mortalidade total e específica nas capitais brasileiras e províncias argentinas. Estudo ecológico com dados secundários, em que as exposições principais foram as prevalências de excesso de peso e obesidade estimadas com base em dados da pesquisa Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel) de 2014 (Brasil) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Fatores de Risco de 2013 (Argentina). As taxas de mortalidade geral e específicas para o ano de 2015 foram obtidas no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Departamento de Informática do SUS (Brasil) e na Direção de Estatísticas e Informações de Saúde do Ministério da Saúde (Argentina). As taxas de mortalidade brasileiras foram padronizadas considerando-se a estrutura etária da população argentina como padrão. Regressão linear bruta e ajustada foi utilizada para avaliar a associação das prevalências de excesso de peso e obesidade com as taxas de mortalidade geral e específicas. Após o ajuste para os potenciais fatores de confusão, a prevalência de obesidade se associou positivamente com a taxa de mortalidade geral tanto no Brasil (β = 0,18; IC95%: 0,01; 0,35) quanto na Argentina (β = 0,06; IC95%: 0,01; 0,13). Para as demais taxas de mortalidade (cardiovascular e por câncer) não houve associação. Conclui-se que as capitais brasileiras e províncias argentinas com maiores prevalências de obesidade apresentam maiores taxas de mortalidade geral, sendo esta associação inconsistente para as taxas específicas.

Abstract: This study aimed to assess the association between prevalence of excess weight and obesity and overall and disease-specific mortality rates in Brazilian state capitals and Argentine provinces. This was an ecological study with secondary data, where the principal exposures were prevalence rates for excess weight and obesity, estimated with data from Brazil's Vigitel survey (Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance System for Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Through Telephone Interveiew) in 2014 and Argentina's National Risk Factor Survey in 2013. Overall and specific mortality rates for the year 2015 were obtained from the Brazilian Mortality Information System in the Brazilian Health Informatics Department and the Division of Health Statistics and Information of the Argentine Ministry of Health. Brazilian mortality rates were standardized with the age structure of the Argentine population as the standard. Crude and adjusted linear regressions were used to assess the association between the prevalence rates for excess weight and obesity and the overall and specific mortality rates. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, prevalence of obesity was positively associated with the overall mortality rate both in Brazil (β = 0.18; 95%CI: 0.01; 0.35) and in Argentina (β = 0.06; 95%CI: 0.01; 0.13). There was no association with the specific cardiovascular and cancer mortality rates. We conclude that the Brazilian state capitals and Argentine provinces with the highest prevalence of obesity present higher overall mortality rates, while this association was inconsistent for the specific rates.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación de la prevalencia de exceso de peso y obesidad con las tasas de mortalidad total y específica en capitales brasileñas y provincias argentinas. Estudio ecológico con datos secundarios, donde las exposiciones principales fueron las prevalencias de exceso de peso y obesidad, estimados a partir de datos de la Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles por Entrevista Telefónica (Vigitel) de 2014 (Brasil) y de la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo de 2013 (Argentina). Las tasas de mortalidad general y específicas del año 2015 se obtuvieron del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad del Departamento de Informática del SUS (Brasil) y de la Dirección de Estadística e Información de Salud del Ministerio de Salud de Argentina. Las tasas de mortalidad brasileñas fueron estandarizadas considerando la estructura etaria de la población argentina como patrón. Se utilizó la regresión lineal bruta y ajustada para evaluar la asociación de las prevalencias de exceso de peso y obesidad con tasas de mortalidad general y específicas. Tras el ajuste de los potenciales factores de confusión, la prevalencia de obesidad se asoció positivamente con la tasa de mortalidad general, tanto en Brasil (β = 0,18; IC95%: 0,01; 0,35), como en Argentina (β = 0,06; IC95%: 0,01; 0,13). Para las demás tasas de mortalidad (cardiovascular y por cáncer), no hubo asociación. Se concluye que las capitales brasileñas y provincias argentinas con mayores prevalencias de obesidad presentan mayores tasas de mortalidad general, siendo esta asociación inconsistente en el caso de las tasas específicas.

Impacto del sobrepeso y obesidad en la mortalidad por enfermedades no trasmisibles en Cuba / Impact of overweight and obesity in mortality due to non-communicable diseases in Cuba

Introducción: La mortalidad por sobrepeso y obesidad es prevenible, ambas condiciones representan un problema de salud en Cuba. Objetivo: estimar la mortalidad atribuible al sobrepeso-obesidad en la población de 20 años o más. Métodos: estudio descriptivo que utilizó fuentes de datos secundarias para prevalencias de sobrepeso-obesidad y datos de mortalidad por enfermedades no trasmisibles seleccionadas. El impacto del exceso de peso en la mortalidad, se obtuvo calculando las fracciones atribuibles poblacionales a partir de riesgos relativos procedentes de estudios previos. Fue calculada la mortalidad atribuible por causa y sexo. Resultados: del total de muertes (30 656), por los tres grupos de causas seleccionados, 3 785 fueron atribuidas al sobrepeso y la obesidad: 12,3 por ciento. En hombres, 8,1 por ciento; en mujeres 16,8 por ciento. Respecto a las defunciones por todas las causas reportadas en el año para este grupo de edad y sexo, los porcentajes fueron 4 por ciento, 2,4 por ciento y 5,7 por ciento respectivamente. La enfermedad cardiovascular fue la causa más frecuente de mortalidad atribuible: 53 por ciento del total. La segunda causa fue diabetes mellitus tipo II: 25 por ciento y a su vez, la causa específica en la que el exceso de peso tuvo una contribución mayor: 63 por ciento. En hombres la mitad de las defunciones (49 por ciento), se atribuyó al sobrepeso- obesidad; en tanto en las mujeres, en siete de cada diez fallecidas (72 por ciento). Conclusiones: La mortalidad asociada al exceso de peso en Cuba es alta y requiere un enfoque efectivo multisectorial centrado en potenciar oportunidades para un mayor consumo de alimentos nutritivos e incremento de la actividad física(AU)

Introduction: Overweight and obesity mortality is preventable. Objective: to estimate the mortality attributable to overweight-obesity in the Cuban population aged 20 years or older. Method: descriptive study that used secondary data sources for prevalence of overweight and obesity and mortality data from selected non-transmissible diseases: diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The impact of excess weight on mortality was obtained by calculating the population attributable fractions from relative risks from previous studies. The attributable mortality by cause and sex was calculated. Results: of the total number of deaths (30 656), 3 785 were attributed to overweight and obesity: 12.3 percent. In men, 8.1 percent; in women, 16.8 percent. Regarding the deaths from all causes reported in the year for this age group and sex, the percentages were 4 percent, 2.4 percent and 5.7 percent, respectively. Cardiovascular disease was the most frequent cause of attributable mortality: 53 percent of the total. The second cause was type II diabetes mellitus: 25 percent and in turn, the specific cause in which excess weight had a greater contribution: 63 percent. In men, half of the deaths (49 percent) were attributed to overweight or obesity; in women, seven out of ten deaths (72 percent). Conclusions: The mortality associated with overweight in Cuba is high and requires an effective multisectorial approach focused on enhancing opportunities for greater consumption of nutritious foods and increased physical activity(AU)

Association of body mass index with short-term outcomes after cardiac surgery: retrospective study and meta-analysis

The relationship between higher body mass index (BMI), decreased morbidity and mortality is known as the "obesity paradox", and has been described in cohorts of patients with hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, coronary and peripheral artery diseases, non-cardiac surgery, and end-stage renal disease. Here we investigated the relationship between BMI and short-term outcomes after adult cardiac surgery to explore the existence of an obesity paradoxical effect. A secondary objective was to perform an updated systematic review to further analyze the association between BMI and 30-day in-hospital mortality after cardiac surgery. A retrospective analysis was performed from a consecutive series of 1823 adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery, that were assigned to five BMI groups: normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m²), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m²), class I obese (30-34.9 kg/m²), class II obese (35-39.9 kg/m²), and class III obese or morbidly obese (40-49.9 kg/m²). A systematic review search was performed including controlled trials and observational studies identified in MEDLINE, Embase, SCOPUS, and the Cochrane library (to the end of June 2017). In the present series, overweight and obese patients had similar or slightly lower in-hospital mortality rates after cardiac surgery compared with normal-weight individuals. Conversely, postoperative complication rates increased with higher BMI levels. Most studies included in the review showed that overweight and obese patients had at least the same mortality rate as normal-weight patients, or even a lower death risk. Pooled-data of the meta-analysis provided evidence on the association between higher BMI levels and a lower all-cause in-hospital mortality rate after cardiac surgery.

La relación entre mayor índice de masa corporal (IMC) y menor morbilidad y mortalidad se conoce como "paradoja de la obesidad". Se ha descrito en cohortes de pacientes con hipertensión, diabetes, insuficiencia cardíaca, enfermedad coronaria y arterial periférica, cirugías no cardíacas y enfermedad renal en etapa terminal. Aquí se investigó la relación entre IMC y resultados a corto plazo después de cirugía cardíaca en adultos, y la manifestación de la paradoja de la obesidad. También se realizó una revisión sistemática sobre asociación entre IMC y mortalidad a 30 días de la cirugía cardíaca. Se hizo un análisis retrospectivo de una serie consecutiva de 1823 adultos con cirugía cardíaca, asignados a cinco grupos de IMC: peso normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m²), sobrepeso (25- 29.9 kg/m²), obesidad clase I (30-34.9 kg/m²), clase II (35-39.9 kg/m²), y clase III (40-49.9 kg/m²), y una búsqueda sistemática de ensayos controlados y estudios observacionales en MEDLINE, Embase, SCOPUS y Cochrane (hasta 30/6/2017). En la serie, las tasas de mortalidad hospitalaria fueron similares o ligeramente menores en pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad comparados con aquellos de peso normal. Pero también las tasas de complicaciones postoperatorias aumentaron con el IMC. La mayoría de los estudios observacionales revisados mostraron que los pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad tenían al menos similar tasa de mortalidad que aquellos con peso normal, o menor riesgo de muerte. Los datos combinados del metaanálisis evidenciaron asociación entre los niveles de IMC mayores y tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria más baja después de cirugía cardíaca.

Mortalidad atribuible al sobrepeso y la obesidad en Argentina: comparación entre los años 2005 y 2009 / Mortalidade atribuível ao sobrepeso e à obesidade na Argentina: comparação entre 2005 e 2009 / Mortality attributable to overweight and obesity in Argentina: comparison between 2005 and 2009

Este artículo tiene como objetivo comparar la mortalidad atribuible al sobrepeso y la obesidad en personas mayores de 20 años de Argentina, según sexo y grupo de edad, entre los años 2005 y 2009. Para este propósito se utilizaron fuentes de datos secundarias: la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo (ENFR) de 2005 y 2009 y estadísticas vitales. Para la estimación de la mortalidad atribuible al sobrepeso y la obesidad se empleó el método dependiente de la prevalencia, basado en el cálculo de la Fracción Atribuible Poblacional (FAP), mientras que para determinar el impacto en la esperanza de vida se calcularon los Años de Esperanza de Vida Perdidos (AEVP). Los principales resultados indican que, en 2005, el 5,2% de las muertes de varones y el 6,1% de las de mujeres se debieron al exceso de peso; en 2009 disminuyeron al 4,9% y al 5,5%, respectivamente. En 2009 se produjo además un descenso de las muertes por enfermedades cardiovasculares y diabetes en ambos sexos, al tiempo que aumentaron las neoplasias. Los AEVP atribuibles al exceso de peso fueron de 0,33 años en 2005 y 0,30 años en 2009 en el caso de las mujeres, y de 0,45 años en 2005 y 0,43 años en 2009 en el de los varones. Además, se observó un aumento de los AEVP en las edades más jóvenes. Contrariamente a la hipótesis planteada, no se encontró un aumento de la mortalidad atribuible al sobrepeso y la obesidad en el período analizado, aunque se incrementó la mortalidad por esta causa en los más jóvenes

Este artigo objetiva comparar a mortalidade atribuível ao sobrepeso e à obesidade na Argentina entre 2005 e 2009, em pessoas com mais de 20 anos, segundo sexo e grupo de idade. Foram utilizadas fontes de dados secundários: Pesquisa Nacional de Fatores de Risco (PNFR 2005 e 2009) e estatísticas vitais. Para a estimação da mortalidade atribuível ao sobrepeso e à obesidade, empregou-se o método dependente da prevalência, fundamentado no cálculo da fração atribuível populacional (FAP). Para determinar o impacto na esperança de vida, foram calculados os anos de esperança de vida perdidos (AEVP). Os principais resultados indicam que, em 2005, 5,2% das mortes em homens e 6,1% das mortes em mulheres foram atribuíveis ao excesso de peso. Em 2009, em ambos os sexos observa-se um descenso das mortes por enfermidades cardiovasculares e diabetes, ao mesmo tempo que aumentaram as neoplasias. Os AEVP atribuíveis ao excesso de peso, para as mulheres, foram de 0,33 ano em 2005 e 0,30 ano em 2009 e, para os homens, de 0,45 e 0,43 ano em 2005 e 2009, respectivamente. Por faixa etária, verifica-se um aumento dos AEVP em idades mais jovens. Ao contrário da hipótese formulada, não se constata aumento da mortalidade atribuível ao sobrepeso e à obesidade no período analisado, mas a mortalidade por esta causa incrementa-se entre os jovens

The aim of this paper is to compare mortality attributable to overweight and obesity in Argentina between the years 2005 and 2009, in adults ages 20 and older, by sex and age group. Secondary data were used: The last National Risk Factors Survey (NRFS) of 2005 and 2009, and mortality statistics. Mortality attributable to overweight and obesity was estimated using the prevalence dependent method, based on the calculation of the population attributable fraction (PAF). To determine the impact on life expectancy, years of life expectancy lost (YLEL) were calculated. The main results indicate that in 2005, 5.2% of deaths among men and 6.1% of deaths among women were attributable to overweight and obesity; in 2009, it decreased to 4.9% and 5.5%, respectively. In 2009, for both sexes, there was a decline in deaths due to cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, while deaths from cancer have increased. YLEL attributable to weight excess were 0.33 years in 2005 and 0.30 years in 2009 for women; and 0.45 years in 2005 and 0.43 years in 2009 for men. By age group, an increase of YLEL attributable to overweight and obesity was found. In contrast to the initial hypothesis, it was not observed an increase in mortality attributable to overweight and obesity between 2005 and 2009 in Argentina, but an increase at among the youth was noted

Adult obesity, disease and longevity in Mexico / Obesidad, enfermedad y longevidad en adultos mexicanos

Objective. To obtain estimates of the effects of overweight and obesity on the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and adult mortality. Materials and methods. We use three waves (2000, 2002, 2012) of the Mexican Health and Aging Survey (MHAS).We employ parametric hazard models to estimate mortality and conventional logistic models to estimate incidence of T2D. Results. Obesity and overweight have a strong effect on the incidence of T2D;this, combined with the large impact of diabetes on adult mortality, generates increases in mortality that translate into losses of 2 to 3 years of life expectancy at age 50. Conclusions. If increasing trends in obesity in Mexico continue as in the past, progress in adult survival may be slowed down considerably and the incidence of T2D will continue to increase.

Objetivo. Estimar los efectos de sobrepeso y obesidad en edad adulta en la incidencia de diabetes tipo 2 y en la mortalidad. Material y métodos. Se emplearon tres paneles (2000, 2002, 2012) de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México (Enasem), junto a modelos de sobrevivencia y logísticos convencionales para estimar la mortalidad y la incidencia de diabetes, respectivamente. Resultados. El sobrepeso y la obesidad tienen un impacto poderoso en la incidencia de diabetes tipo 2, lo que en combinación con el incremento del riesgo de mortalidad asociado con la diabetes de tipo 2, se traduce en pérdidas de 2 a 3 años de vida a la edad de 50 años. Conclusiones. Si la tasa de crecimiento de la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en edad adulta mantiene el ritmo que ha tenido recientemente, las mejoras en sobrevivencia adulta se verán comprometidas y la incidencia de diabetes tipo 2 continuará en aumento.

Relevance of Target-Organ Lesions as Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus / Relevância de Lesões em Órgãos-Alvo como Preditores de Mortalidade em Pacientes com Diabetes

Background: Patients with diabetes are in extract higher risk for fatal cardiovascular events. Objective: To evaluate major predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A cohort of 323 individuals with type 2 diabetes from several regions of Brazil was followed for a long period. Baseline electrocardiograms, clinical and laboratory data obtained were used to determine hazard ratios (HR) and confidence interval (CI) related to cardiovascular and total mortality. Results: After 9.2 years of follow-up (median), 33 subjects died (17 from cardiovascular causes). Cardiovascular mortality was associated with male gender; smoking; prior myocardial infarction; long QTc interval; left ventricular hypertrophy; and eGFR <60 mL/min. These factors, in addition to obesity, were predictors of total mortality. Cardiovascular mortality was adjusted for age and gender, but remained associated with: smoking (HR = 3.8; 95% CI 1.3-11.8; p = 0.019); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 8.5; 95% CI 1.8-39.9; p = 0.007); eGFR < 60 mL/min (HR = 9.5; 95% CI 2.7-33.7; p = 0.001); long QTc interval (HR = 5.1; 95% CI 1.7-15.2; p = 0.004); and left ventricular hypertrophy (HR = 3.5; 95% CI 1.3-9.7; p = 0.002). Total mortality was associated with obesity (HR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-5.1; p = 0.030); smoking (HR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.0-6.1; p = 0.046); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.005), and long QTc interval (HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.017). Conclusions: Biomarkers of simple measurement, particularly those related to target-organ lesions, were predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes. .

Fundamento: Pacientes com diabetes apresentam-se em extrato de maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares fatais. Objetivo: Avaliar os principais preditores associados às taxas de mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: Estudo de coorte composto por 323 indivíduos com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2, de várias regiões do Brasil, acompanhados em longo prazo. Dados clínicos, laboratoriais e eletrocardiográficos foram obtidos no período basal e aplicados no modelo Cox de regressão, para examinar a associação dessas variáveis com as taxas de mortalidade e determinação de hazard ratio (HR) e intervalo de confiança (IC). Resultados: Após 9,2 anos (mediana) de seguimento, 33 pacientes morreram (sendo 17 por causas cardiovasculares). A mortalidade cardiovascular foi associada a gênero masculino, tabagismo, infarto do miocárdio prévio, intervalo QTc longo, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) <60 mL/min. Esses biomarcadores, além da obesidade, também foram preditores para mortalidade total. Após ajustes para idade e gênero, a mortalidade cardiovascular, manteve-se associada a tabagismo (HR = 3,8; IC 95% 1,3-11,8; p = 0,019), infarto prévio do miocárdio (HR = 8,5; IC 95% 1,8-39,9; p = 0,007), TFG < 60 mL/min (HR = 9,5; IC 95% 2,7-33,7; p = 0,001), intervalo QTc longo (HR = 5,1; IC 95% 1,7-15,2; p = 0,004), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HR = 3,5; IC 95% 1,3-9,7; p = 0,002). A mortalidade total foi associada com obesidade (HR = 2,3; IC 95% 1,1-5,1; p = 0,030), tabagismo (HR = 2,5; IC 95% 1,0-6,1; p = 0,046), infarto prévio do miocárdio (HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,005) e intervalo QTc longo (HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,017). Conclusões: Biomarcadores de simples mensuração, particularmente os que traduzem lesões de ...

Indicadores antropométricos de obesidade em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio / Anthropometric Indicators of Obesity among Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Fundamentos: A obesidade está associada ao aumento da mortalidade por inúmeras doenças crônicas, particularmente pelas doenças cardiovasculares, sendo portanto um dos fatores de risco para sua ocorrência. No Brasil, a obesidade é considerada fator de risco independente para a prevalência de infarto agudo do miocárdio.Objetivo: Caracterizar a obesidade por meio de diferentes indicadores antropométricos em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com 34 pacientes adultos e idosos, de ambos os sexos, com infarto agudo do miocárdio, atendidos na Fundação Hospital de Clínicas Gaspar Vianna em Belém, PA, no período de março a junho2013. Foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas referentes aos hábitos de vida, presença de comorbidadese indicadores antropométricos de obesidade.Resultados: Entre os indicadores antropométricos de obesidade total foram encontrados valores elevados para o índice de massa corporal e para a circunferência dopescoço. Entre os indicadores antropométricos deo besidade central, observou-se risco aumentado para o índice de conicidade, circunferência da cintura, razão cintura-estatura e razão cintura-quadril. Circunferência dacintura e razão cintura-estatura foram as medidas que maisse correlacionaram com as outras variáveis antropométricas.Conclusão: A maior parte da população estudada apresenta alto risco de novos eventos cardiovasculares,principalmente em decorrência dos elevadosindicadores antropométricos de obesidade,ressaltando-se a importância da antropometria que possibilita a detecção precoce da obesidade.

Background: Obesity is associated with increased mortality for many chronic diseases, particular lycardiovascular diseases, thus constituting one of therisk factors for its occurrence. In Brazil obesity is ratedas an independent risk factor for the prevalence ofacute myocardial infarction. Objective: To characterize obesity through differentan thropometric indicators among patients with acutemyo cardial infarction.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of34 adult and elderly male and female patients withacute myocardial infarction, treated between Marchand June 2013 at the Fundação Hospital de ClínicasGaspar Vianna in Belém, Pará State. Social anddemographic information was collected on lifestyles,comorbidities and anthropometric indicators ofobesity.Results: High BMI and neck circumference valueswere found among the overall anthropometric indicators of obesity. The anthropometric indicators for central obesity presented higher risks for theconicity index and waist circumference, as well as thewaist-height and waist-hip ratios. Waist circum ferenceand waist-height ratio were the measurements mostclosely correlated with other .anthropometricvariables Conclusion: Most of the studied population presents high risks of further cardiovascular events,due mainly to high anthropometric indicatorsof obesity, highlighting the importance ofanthropometry, which enables the early detectionof obesity.

Resultados perinatales en gestantes con trastornos nutricionales por exceso / Perinatal outcomes in pregnant women suffering of excess nutritional disorders

Introducción: cada día aumenta el número de mujeres que inician su embarazo con trastornos nutricionales por exceso, lo que incrementa la morbilidad y mortalidad materna y perinatal.Objetivo: determinar los resultados perinatales en gestantes con sobrepeso y obesidad pregestacionales en Santa Cruz del Norte durante 2 años.Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico observacional prospectivo entre julio de 2009 y junio de 2011 a partir de un universo de 109 embarazadas con sobrepeso y obesidad a la captación, se escogió una muestra al azar de 96 gestantes que conformó el grupo estudio; se dispuso de un grupo control de 219 pacientes normopeso en la captación, escogidas al azar de los consultorios médicos siguiendo múltiples criterios. Los datos se recolectaron mediante revisión de las historias clínica y obstétrica y se procesaron empleando medidas estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales.Resultados: en las pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad pregestacional se observó de manera significativa la preeclampsia-eclampsia en 17,7 porciento; diabetes gestacional en 7,3 porciento; ganancia exagerada de peso en 34,4 porciento; insuficiencia placentaria en 12,5 porciento; oligoamnios en 16,7 porciento; parto pretérmino en 5,2 porciento y parto instrumentado en 10,4 porciento; el distrés respiratorio y la hipoglicemia fueron las complicaciones significativas del recién nacido con 11,5 porciento y 13,5 porciento respectivamente, y el sangramiento posparto en las puérperas con 14,6 porciento.Conclusiones: los trastornos nutricionales por exceso al inicio de la gestación predisponen a resultados perinatales adversos, tanto para la salud madre, como del feto y del recién nacido, que contribuyen al incremento de la morbimortalidad materna y perinatal.

Introduction: every day the number of women starting their pregnancy with excess nutritional disorders increases along with maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.Objective: to determine the perinatal outcome in pregnant women with pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity in Santa Cruz del Norte for 2 years.Methods: a prospective observational analytic study was conducted from July 2009 to June 2011 in a universe of 109 overweight and obese pregnant women at the beginning of their pregnancy. A random sample of 96 pregnant women was chosen to form the study group; 219 normal weight patients were available the control group, who were randomly selected from the medical practices according to multiple criteria. Data were collected by reviewing the clinical and obstetric histories and they were processed using descriptive and inferential statistical measures.Results: pre-eclampsia- eclampsia was significantly observed in pre-pregnancy overweight and obese patients (17.7 percent); 7.3 percent patients had gestational diabetes, excessive weight gain in 34.4 percent; 12.5 percent had placental insufficiency; 16.7 percent had oligoamnios; 5.2 percent had preterm delivery, and 10.4 percent needed instrumental delivery. Respiratory distress and hypoglycemia were significant complications of newborns (11.5 percent and 13.5 percent respectively), and 14.6 percent had postpartum bleeding.Conclusions: nutritional disorders excess at the beginning of pregnancy predispose to adverse perinatal outcomes for mother health, the fetus and the newborn. These disorders contribute to increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Circunferência de pescoço, fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e consumo alimentar / Neck circumference, cardiovascular disease risk factors and food consumption

Fundamentos: Indicadores antropométricos como índice de massa corpórea (IMC), circunferência de cintura (CC), relação cintura-quadril (RCQ) e, mais recentemente, a circunferência de pescoço (CP) têm sido utilizados para a identificação do sobrepeso e da obesidade. Esses indicadores estão correlacionados com a síndrome metabólica.Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre CP, fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e o consumo alimentar em adultos. Métodos: Estudo transversal, incluindo 155 adultos entre 20-60 anos, de ambos os sexos que aguardavam por consulta médica, odontológica, psicológica ou nutricional em Unidade Básica de Saúde, os quais foram submetidos à avaliação socioeconômica, antropométrica e nutricional.Resultados: Estudados 155 indivíduos: 71 % femininos, com média de idade de 38,0±12,1 anos; 70,3 % tinham companheiro; 36,8 % não concluíram o ensino fundamental; 84,5 % eram assalariados. Hipertensão constatada em 22,6 %; diabetes em 5,2 % e dislipidemias em 20 % da amostra. A CP aumentada foi encontrada em 54,8 % da amostra. O excesso de peso encontrado em 36,1 % e a obesidade em 29,0 %. CC aumentada constatada em 54,8 % dos indivíduos e RCQ alta e muito alta em 61,3 %. Os indivíduos com CP aumentada apresentaram consumo de proteínas (p=0,003), lipídeos (p=0,008), gordura saturada (p=0,011), poli-insaturada (p=0,008) e monoinsaturada (p=0,001) significativamente mais elevado do que o grupo com CP normal e também maior proporção de hipertensão (p=0,015), diabetes (p=0,008), dislipidemias (p=0,002), obesidade (p<0,001), CC muito elevada (p<0,001) e RCQ muito alta (p=0,008).Conclusões: Os indivíduos com CP aumentada apresentaram maior proporção de hipertensão, diabetes, dislipidemias, obesidade e houve importante associação com o consumo alimentar.

Background: Anthropometric indicators such as BMI (Body Mass Index), WC (Waist Circumference), WHR (Waist-Hip Ratio) and more recently NC (Neck Circumference), have been used to identify obesity and overweight, with these indicators being correlated with metabolic syndrome.Objective: To ascertain associations among NC, CVD (cardiovascular disease) risk factors and food consumption among adults. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 155 male and female adults between 20 and 60 years old waiting for medical, dental, psychological or nutritional consultations at a Health Care Unit, who underwent social, economic, anthropometric and nutritional assessments.Results: 155 people were analyzed: 71% females, with an average age of 38.0±12.1 years old, 70.3% with partners; 36.8% did not complete their basic schooling and 84.5 % were wage earners. Hypertension was noted in 22.6%, diabetes in 5.2% and dyslipidemias in 20.0% of the sample. Increased NC was found in 54.8% of the sample, with high and very high WHR in 61.3%. People with increased NC presented significantly higher consumption of proteins (p=0.003), lipids (p=0.008), saturated fat (p=0.011), polyunsaturated fat (p=0.008) and monounsaturated fat (p=0.001) than the group with normal NC, as well as higher rates of hypertension (p=0.015), diabetes (p=0.008), dyslipidemias (p=0.002), obesity (p<0.001), very large WC (p<0.001) and very high WHR (p=0.008).Conclusions: People with increased NC presented higher rates of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemias and obesity, associated significantly with food consumption.

Impacto de la obesidad en pacientes con neumonía grave por virus influenza A/H1N1: estudio multicéntrico chileno / Impact of obesity with severe pneumonia by influenza A/H1N1 virus: a Chilean multicenter study

En la primera pandemia del siglo XXI por virus influenza A/H1N1, una importante proporción de paciente que desarrollaron neumonía y Falla Respiratoria Aguda (FRA) eran obesos. La obesidad ha sido propuesta como un factor de riesgo que aumenta la morbimortalidad; sin embargo, hay controversia al respecto. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de la obesidad en complicaciones, estadía y/o mortalidad en pacientes adultos graves por virus influenza A/H1N1. Estudio observacional y multicéntrico realizado en 17 UCIs de Chile durante el periodo mayo-agosto 2009. Fueron incluidos en el estudio solo paciente con infección por virus Influenza A/H1N1 confirmada o probable. Los paciente obesos (IMC>30) fueron comparados con pacientes no obesos. Resultados: De un total de 136 pacientes incluidos en el estudio, 64 (47 por ciento) fueron obesos y de estos 13 obesos mórbidos (BMI >40). Los pacientes obesos tienen mayor frecuencia de: comorbilidades, ventilación mecánica y complicaciones. La estadía en UCI y en el hospital fue más prolongada en pacientes obesos (18,1+/-15 vs. 10,9+/-10,2, p=0,002 y 27,2+/-24,7 vs17,7 +/- 14,6, p=0,01 respectivamente). La mortalidad fue mayor en pacientes obesos (36 por ciento vs. 19,4 por ciento; OR 2,32; IC95 por ciento 1,07-5,05, p=0.035). El estudio de regresión logística encuentra que la FOM es un factor pronóstico independiente de mortalidad en pacientes obesos. Conclusiones: Los pacientes obesos con neumonía grave por virus influenza A/H1N1 tienen una mayor morbi-mortalidad y prolongación de su estadía en UCI y en el hospital. El desarrollo de FOM en pacientes obesos es un factor de mal pronóstico.

In the first pandemic of the 21st century due to influenza A/H1N1 virus, a significant proportion of patients who developed pneumonia and acute respiratory failure (ARF) were obese. Obesity has been proposed as a risk factor that increases morbidity and mortality, however, there is controversy about it. Objective: To determine the impact of obesity on complications, stay and / or mortality in adult patients with severe influenza A/H1N1 virus. Multicenter observational study conducted in 17 ICUs of Chile during the period May to August 2009. Were included only patients with influenza A/H1N1 virus infection confirmed or probable. Obese patients (BMI> 30) were compared with non obese patients. The results: Of a total of 136 patients included in the study, 64 (47 percent) were obese and of these 13 morbidly obese (BMI> 40). Obese patients have a higher frequency of: comorbidities, mechanical ventilation and complications. The stay in ICU and hospital was longer in obese patients (18.1 +/- 15 vs. 10.9 +/- 10.2, p = 0.002 and 27.2 +/- 24.7 vs17, 7 +/- 14.6, p = 0.01 respectively). Mortality was higher in obese patients (36 percent vs. 19.4 percent, OR 2.32, 95 percent CI 1.07 to 5.05, p = 0,035). The logistic regression analysis found that the MOF is an independent predictor of mortality in obese patients. Conclusions: Obese patients with severe pneumonia due to the influenza A/H1N1 virus have a high morbidity and mortality and prolonged stay in ICU and hospital. MOF development in obese patients is a poor prognostic factor.

Obesidad en Argentina: epidemiología, morbimortalidad e impacto económico / Obesity in Argentina: epidemiology, morbimortality and economic impact

OBJETIVO: obtener conocimientos aplicables al diseño de estrategias de prevención, control y tratamiento de la obesidad y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV), para la toma de decisiones basadas en evidencia local y para optimizar el uso de recursos humanos y económicos en entidades de financiamiento de salud. MÉTODOS: estudio observacional y cuantitativo. Se verificaron: a) asociaciones entre obesidad y características demográficas y epidemiológicas; b) eventos fatales, costo por muerte prematura y Años de Vida Saludables Perdidos atribuibles al sobrepeso/obesidad. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia nacional de sobrepeso y obesidad fue de 34,8% y 14,8%, respectivamente, con edades entre 35 y 64 años. Un tercio de la población obesa presentó obesidad severa a muy severa. El 16,2% de los obesos y el 15,1% de las personas con sobrepeso tenían Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas. El 40,4% de las personas con obesidad presentaron otros FRCV asociados, siendo la hipertensión arterial el más frecuente (48,1%). Las muertes atribuibles al sobrepeso/obesidad fueron 14.776, con lo cual se perdieron 596.704 Años de Vida Saludables atribuibles al exceso de peso y con un costo total por muerte prematurade AR$ 190,5 millones, del cual el 70% fue atribuible al sobrepeso. CONCLUSIONES: es necesario implementar estrategias efectivas de prevención y tratamiento del sobrepeso/obesidad para disminuir su alto costo económico y los Años de Vida Saludable perdidos por su causa.

OBJECTIVE: To gain knowledge that may be applied to the design of strategies for the prevention, control and treatment of obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), to promote their use for local evidence-based decision making and to optimize the use of human and economic resources in health financing entities. METHODS: Observational and quantitative study recording: a) associations between obesity and demographic/epidemiological characteristics; b) fatal events, cost of premature deaths and lost healthy life years due to overweight and obesity. RESULTS: National prevalence of overweight and obesity: 34.8% and14.8%, respectively; age range of the adult overweight/obesity population: 35-64 years; one third of the obese population presents severe to very severe obesity; unsatisfied basicneeds: 16.2% and 15.4% in obese and overweight people, respectively; presence of other associated CVRFs: 40.4% of obese people, being hypertension the most frequent one(48.1%); deaths due to overweight//obesity: 14.776; cost of premature deaths: $190.5 millions (70% due to overweight); lost healthy life years due to overweight: 596.704. CONCLUSION: Effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity should be implemented to decrease the high socioeconomic costs and the lost healthy life years due to the disease.

Obesos apresentam menor aderência a programa de exercício supervisionado / Less adherence to supervised exercise program among obese patients

Fundamentos: A atual crescente incidência de obesidade, assim como a de doenças crônico-degenerativas ligadas a essa condição, torna relevante desenvolver intervenções de prevenção primária com o potencial de reduzir esse processo. Dentre essas intervenções, sabe-se que o exercício físico regular e maior condição aeróbica trazem efeitos benéficos reduzindo a morbimortalidade cardiovascular e por todas as causas. Objetivo: Determinar a associção entre obesidade e aderência a programa de exercício com supervisão médica (PES). Métodos: Selecionados 267 pacientes provenientes de um PES entre janeiro 2007 e setembro 2009 que se submeteram à avaliação médica pré-participação, incluíndo medidas antropométricas. Foram considerados aderentes ao PES: (A) aqueles que frequentaram pelo menos cinco sessões de exercício nos três primeiros meses do ano de 2010, sendo classificados como não aderentes (NA) os demais. As variáveis selecionadas foram comparadas, sendo o índice de massa corporal (IMC kg/m ao quadrado) estratificado...

Background: The current upsurge in obesity and the chronic degenerative diseases related to this conditionunderscore the need to develop preventive primary interventions that could counteract this process. Among these interventions, it is known that regular physical exercise and greater aerobic fitness offer benefits by reducing cardiovascular and all-cause morbidity and mortality. Objective: To determine the association between obesity and adherence with a medically-supervisedexercise program (MEP). Methods: Selected from a MEP between January 2007 and September 2009, 267 patients underwent preparticipationmedical evaluations that includedanthropometric measurements. Participants adherent to the MEP were taken as being: (A) those who attended at least, five exercise sessions in the first three months of 2010, ranking the others as non-adherent (NA). The selected variables were compared and the body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) stratified...

Fração da carga global do diabetes mellitus atribuível ao excesso de peso e à obesidade no Brasil / Fraction of the global burden of diabetes mellitus attributable to overweight and obesity in Brazil

OBJETIVO: Estimar a carga global do diabetes mellitus (DM) para o período de 2002 a 2003 e calcular, para o mesmo período, a fração do diabetes atribuível ao excesso de peso e à obesidade para o Brasil e suas regiões. MÉTODOS: A prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade por sexo e faixa etária (> 20 anos) e os riscos relativos (obtidos de estudos internacionais) para o desenvolvimento do DM atribuíveis ao excesso de peso e à obesidade foram utilizados para o cálculo da carga global do diabetes. A prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade para o Brasil e suas regiões foi obtida da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar. Foram calculados, para o DM, os anos de vida ajustados para incapacidade (disability-adjusted life years, DALY) a partir da soma de duas parcelas: anos de vida perdidos por morte prematura (years of life lost, YLL) e anos de vida perdidos devido à incapacidade (years lived with disability, YLD). RESULTADOS: Do total de DALY estimados para o DM no Brasil, 70 por cento provinham dos YLD. Para o Brasil como um todo, 61,8 e 45,4 por cento do DM no sexo feminino foram atribuíveis a excesso de peso e obesidade, respectivamente. No sexo masculino, esses percentuais foram de 52,8 e 32,7 por cento. As maiores frações atribuíveis foram encontradas nas regiões Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste e para o grupo populacional entre 35 a 44 anos de idade. CONCLUSÃO: Grande parte da carga do diabetes é atribuível a fatores de risco evitáveis. Medidas voltadas para a prevenção e controle desses fatores de risco, como o excesso de peso e a obesidade, devem estar inseridas na agenda de saúde pública brasileira.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the global burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) in 2002-2003 and to calculate the fraction of diabetes attributable to excess weight and obesity for Brazil and its regions. METHODS: The prevalence of excess weight and obesity according to sex and age (> 20 years) and the relative risks for the development of DM (derived from international studies) attributable to excess weight and obesity were used to calculate the global burden of DM. The prevalence of excess weight and obesity for Brazil and its regions was obtained from the Family Budget Survey (Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar). Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) were calculated for DM based on the sum of two components: years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD). RESULTS: Of the total DALY estimated for DM in Brazil, YLD accounted for 70 percent. For Brazil as a whole, 61.8 percent and 45.4 percent of DM in females was attributable to excess weight and obesity, respectively. Among males, the proportions were 52.8 percent and 32.7 percent. The largest excess weight/obesity-attributable fractions were observed in the South, Southeast, and Midwest regions and in the 35-44-year-old age groups. CONCLUSIONS: A large fraction of the burden of DM is attributable to preventable individual risk factors. Measures targeting prevention and control of risk factors such as excess weight and obesity must be included in the Brazilian public health agenda.